Romeo and Juliet For a different audience Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet For an alternate crowd Paper William Shakespeares story of bound sweethearts, Romeo and Juliet is a story for all ages. The introduction of the story relies upon how the crowd will respond to it. For example, the crowd from Shakespeares time ran from rich highbrow snots to tanked groundlings. In my comic book variant of his story, I utilized progressively present day words to support my crowd; the individuals of today comprehend the story better. I adjusted Shakespeares unique to fit todays crowd by modernizing the jargon, taking out a couple of the less energizing components and by demonstrating the feelings of the characters through outlines. The first form of Romeo and Juliet is just unique in relation to my own adaptation in one perspective; the introduction. In William Shakespeares time, society was a ton not quite the same as the general public we know today. The crowd Shakespeare needed to compose for was exceptionally requesting. The crowd comprised of two significant gatherings; the high society and the lower class. The privileged was a gathering of cultivated individuals who were engaged insofar as the narrative of the play was charming. The lower class was more diligently to manage however. These residents were frequently self-important alcoholics who might shout and toss things in front of an audience in the event that they were not satisfied by the play. We will compose a custom paper test on Romeo and Juliet For an alternate crowd explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Romeo and Juliet For an alternate crowd explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Romeo and Juliet For an alternate crowd explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer These groundlings encompassed the phase on three sides in area where there were no seats, which made them not so much agreeable but rather more threatening to the play. To control these crowd individuals, Shakespeare needed to satisfy them. He did this by including battle scenes and a touch of unrefined funniness. For whatever length of time that the groundlings were engaged, Shakespeare could run his play without interference. William Shakespeare composed his play, Romeo and Juliet breathtakingly to engage both upper and lower class residents. In my rendition of Romeo and Juliet, a comic book form, I misrepresented the activity scenes and decreased the less energizing scenes of verse. I did this since comic book perusers don't peruse funnies to appreciate verse. Rather they are engaged by acceptable representations of activity just as great discourse to go with them. Consequently, rather than utilizing elaborate wording like Shakespeare had done to communicate feeling in each characters discourse, I indicated theyre outward appearances in all around drawn delineations. I likewise utilized delineations to show the setting of the play obviously, rather than utilizing long portrayals of each setting like in Shakespeares adaptation. I could depict these significant components through nitty gritty fine art, without words. The representations are a significant component in deciding the nature of a comic book. Consequently, it was significant that I recounted to the story through pictures just as discourse, and not simply through writing. In my form of Romeo and Juliet, I demonstrated the intensity of words, yet workmanship also. To adjust Shakespeares unique perfect work of art Romeo and Juliet to all the more likely suit my crowd, I changed over numerous thoughts from the story into fine art. The work of art of a comic is the thing that decides the nature of the book. I accept that in comic books, the wording utilized in the exchange isn't close to as significant as the fine art it obliges. I utilized craftsmanship to depict further or more outrageous feelings instead of utilizing very detailed words as Shakespeare had done in his rendition. By demonstrating feelings alongside view through representations, I can be certain that perusers have a picture of the story in their brains. Another adjustment I used to all the more likely suit the focused on crowd was the changing of Old English words into progressively justifiable Modern English words. A few sections in Romeo and Juliet are difficult to comprehend by the youthful perusers of today. In this manner, I modernized the wording and stressed each scene through representation, as opposed to confounding writing. I trust I have adjusted the tale of Romeo and Juliet successfully to suit my crowd well overall. My form of Romeo and Juliet follows the first form composed by William Shakespeare notwithstanding the numerous distinctions in language and style of introduction. I adjusted the introduction of Romeo and Juliet to all the more successfully recount to the story to perusers of todays ages. In spite of the fact that the story is 400 years of age, it isn't and never will be an obsolete story. For whatever length of time that adoration exists, the account of Romeo and Juliet will be a story for all ages to appreciate.

VaR Models in Predicting Equity Market Risk

VaR Models in Predicting Equity Market Risk Part 3 Research Design This part speaks to how to apply proposed VaR models in anticipating value showcase hazard. Essentially, the proposal first blueprints the gathered observational information. We next spotlight on confirming suppositions typically occupied with the VaR models and afterward distinguishing whether the information attributes are in accordance with these presumptions through looking at the watched information. Different VaR models are in this way talked about, starting with the non-parametric methodology (the chronicled reenactment model) and followed by the parametric methodologies under various distributional suppositions of profits and deliberately with the mix of the Cornish-Fisher Expansion strategy. At long last, backtesting methods are utilized to esteem the presentation of the recommended VaR models. 3.1. Information The information utilized in the examination are money related time arrangement that mirror the day by day recorded value changes for two single value list resources, including the FTSE 100 file of the UK advertise and the SP 500 of the US showcase. Scientifically, rather than utilizing the number juggling return, the paper utilizes the every day log-returns. The full time frame, which the computations depend on, extends from 05/06/2002 to 22/06/2009 for each single record. All the more definitely, to execute the experimental test, the period will be isolated independently into two sub-periods: the principal arrangement of observational information, which are utilized to make the parameter estimation, ranges from 05/06/2002 to 31/07/2007. The remainder of the information, which is between 01/08/2007 and 22/06/2009, is utilized for anticipating VaR figures and backtesting. Do note here is that the last stage is actually the current worldwide monetary emergency period which started from the August of 2007, drastically topped in the closure a very long time of 2008 and signally decreased essentially in the center of 2009. Thus, the examination will deliberately look at the exactness of the VaR models inside the unpredictable time. 3.1.1. FTSE 100 record The FTSE 100 Index is an offer record of the 100 most profoundly promoted UK organizations recorded on the London Stock Exchange, started on third January 1984. FTSE 100 organizations speak to about 81% of the market capitalisation of the entire London Stock Exchange and become the most broadly utilized UK securities exchange pointer. In the thesis, the full information utilized for the exact examination comprises of 1782 perceptions (1782 working days) of the UK FTSE 100 record covering the period from 05/06/2002 to 22/06/2009. 3.1.2. SP 500 file The SP 500 is a worth weighted file distributed since 1957 of the costs of 500 huge top basic stocks effectively exchanged the United States. The stocks recorded on the SP 500 are those of enormous openly held organizations that exchange on both of the two biggest American securities exchange organizations, the NYSE Euronext and NASDAQ OMX. After the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the SP 500 is the most generally followed record of huge top American stocks. The SP 500 alludes not exclusively to the file, yet additionally to the 500 organizations that have their basic stock remembered for the record and subsequently considered as a bellwether for the US economy. Like the FTSE 100, the information for the SP 500 is additionally seen during a similar period with 1775 perceptions (1775 working days). 3.2. Information Analysis For the VaR models, one of the most significant angles is suspicions identifying with estimating VaR. This segment initially talks about a few VaR suppositions and afterward looks at the gathered experimental information qualities. 3.2.1. Presumptions 3.2.1.1. Ordinariness suspicion Ordinary dispersion As referenced in the part 2, most VaR models expect that arrival appropriation is regularly dispersed with mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 (see figure 3.1). Regardless, the part 2 likewise shows that the real return in the vast majority of past experimental examinations doesn't totally adhere to the standard dispersion. Figure 3.1: Standard Normal Distribution Skewness The skewness is a proportion of asymmetry of the appropriation of the money related time arrangement around its mean. Regularly information is thought to be evenly dispersed with skewness of 0. A dataset with either a positive or negative slant veers off from the typical appropriation presumptions (see figure 3.2). This can cause parametric methodologies, for example, the Riskmetrics and the symmetric typical GARCH(1,1) model under the suspicion of standard dispersed returns, to be less compelling if resource returns are vigorously slanted. The outcome can be an overestimation or underestimation of the VaR esteem contingent upon the slant of the basic resource returns. Figure 3.2: Plot of a positive or negative slant Kurtosis The kurtosis measures the peakedness or levelness of the appropriation of an information test and portrays how thought the profits are around their mean. A high estimation of kurtosis implies that a greater amount of data’s difference originates from outrageous deviations. As it were, a high kurtosis implies that the advantages returns comprise of more extraordinary qualities than displayed by the ordinary conveyance. This positive abundance kurtosis is, as indicated by Lee and Lee (2000) called leptokurtic and a negative overabundance kurtosis is called platykurtic. The information which is typically conveyed has kurtosis of 3. Figure 3.3: General types of Kurtosis Jarque-Bera Statistic In measurements, Jarque-Bera (JB) is a test measurement for testing whether the arrangement is ordinarily appropriated. As such, the Jarque-Bera test is a decency of-fit proportion of takeoff from typicality, in view of the example kurtosis and skewness. The test measurement JB is characterized as: where n is the quantity of perceptions, S is the example skewness, K is the example kurtosis. For huge example measures, the test measurement has a Chi-square dispersion with two degrees of opportunity. Increased Dickeyâ€Fuller Statistic Increased Dickeyâ€Fuller test (ADF) is a test for a unit root in a period arrangement test. It is an expanded rendition of the Dickeyâ€Fuller test for a bigger and increasingly convoluted arrangement of time arrangement models. The ADF measurement utilized in the test is a negative number. The more negative it is, the more grounded the dismissal of the speculation that there is a unit root at some degree of certainty. ADF basic qualities: (1%) â€3.4334, (5%) â€2.8627, (10%) â€2.5674. 3.2.1.2. Homoscedasticity presumption Homoscedasticity alludes to the supposition that the needy variable shows comparable measures of change over the scope of qualities for an autonomous variable. Figure 3.4: Plot of Homoscedasticity Lamentably, the part 2, in light of the past exact investigations affirmed that the monetary markets ordinarily experience unforeseen occasions, vulnerabilities in costs (and returns) and show non-steady fluctuation (Heteroskedasticity). In fact, the unpredictability of monetary resource returns changes after some time, with periods when instability is particularly high sprinkled with periods when unpredictability is abnormally low, to be specific unpredictability grouping. It is one of the generally stylised realities (stylised factual properties of benefit returns) which are normal to a typical arrangement of money related resources. The unpredictability grouping mirrors that high-instability occasions will in general bunch in time. 3.2.1.3. Stationarity presumption As indicated by Cont (2001), the most fundamental essential of any measurable investigation of market information is the presence of some factual properties of the information under examination which stay consistent after some time, if not it is inane to attempt to remember them. One of the speculations identifying with the invariance of factual properties of the arrival procedure in time is the stationarity. This speculation expect that for any arrangement of time moments ,†¦, and whenever interim the joint conveyance of the profits ,†¦, is equivalent to the joint circulation of profits ,†¦,. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, thusly, will likewise be utilized to test whether time-arrangement models are precisely to look at the fixed of measurable properties of the arrival. 3.2.1.4. Sequential autonomy presumption There are countless trial of haphazardness of the example information. Autocorrelation plots are one basic technique test for arbitrariness. Autocorrelation is the relationship between's the profits at the various focuses in time. It is equivalent to computing the connection between's two distinctive time arrangement, then again, actually a similar time arrangement is utilized twice once in its unique structure and once slacked at least one timespans. The outcomes can go fromâ +1 to - 1. An autocorrelation ofâ +1 speaks to consummate positive connection (for example an expansion found in one time arrangement will prompt a proportionate increment in the other time arrangement), while an estimation of - 1 speaks to consummate negative connection (for example an expansion found in one time arrangement brings about a proportionate diminishing in the other time arrangement). As far as econometrics, the autocorrelation plot will be inspected dependent on the Ljung-Box Q measurement test. Be that as it may, rather than testing irregularity at each unmistakable slack, it tests the general haphazardness dependent on various slacks. The Ljung-Box test can be characterized as: where n is the example size,is the example autocorrelation at slack j, and h is the quantity of slacks being tried. The theory of arbitrariness is dismissed if whereis the percent point capacity of the Chi-square dispersion and the ÃŽ ± is the quantile of the Chi-square circulation with h degrees of opportunity. 3.2.2. Information Characteristics Table 3.1 gives the engaging insights for the FTSE 100 and the SP 500 day by day financial exchange costs and returns. Day by day returns are registered as logarithmic value family members: Rt = ln(Pt/pt-1), where Pt is the end day by day cost at time t. Figures 3.5a and 3.5b, 3.6a and 3.6b present the plots of profits and value record after some time. In addition, Figures 3.7a and 3.7b, 3.8a and 3.8b represent the mix between the recurrence dissemination of the FTSE 100 and the SP 500 day by day return information and an ordinary circulation bend forced, sp

Masquerading as a Liberal Arts Student

Masquerading as a Liberal Arts Student Every time I check my email (incredibly, only once every few days) I am reminded that I am not at MIT. I am away from the buzz that defines the campus surrounding 77 Mass Ave, but instead immersed in the organized chaos that is Hanoi, Vietnam, the last stop on my semester long comparative urban studies study abroad program. When the semester began, I came to the realization that I had undertaken more than just an international study abroad program, but that I also dove head first into a liberal arts ‘immersion’ program. As someone used to equations, numbers and problem sets, a semester spent reflecting about how an experience made you feel, and debriefing and debating academic concepts is quite a change. My semester abroad has been more than an international experience but has also given me a glimpse into the life of a liberal arts student, a life very different from those we live at MIT. Without the constant stream of problem sets and equations, I sometimes forget that I am actually on an academic program. While I have been throwing numbers into my classes when I can (I counted traffic today!), for the most part our studies are focused on three main areas and the concepts that surround them: urban planning, political science and anthropology. I have learned new ways to look at the world and observe my surroundings, not just from the new cultures we have visited, but also from my fellow classmates, liberal arts students from around the country. Although I have taken and enjoyed many humanities classes at MIT, this semester has given me a much greater appreciation for what it means to study the humanities. I have often heard from classmates at MIT that they wish the HASS requirements would just disappear, but the lesson I have learned this semester is that they are vital to understanding how the world works. Nothing can be done without consideration for politics, for society, for the environment. Behind every robot is an underlying purpose and need. While the liberal arts environment on IHP involves some kitch, lots of skits and picture drawing for my taste, I have learned an incredible amount that never would have been possible in a traditional academic environment and it has been immensely beneficial for me to understand the ‘other side’ of academia. I am assured that not all Liberal Arts Colleges use quite the same number of skits, they do encompass many of the same concepts. I think we all know someone at an LAC and I am sure that at one point, you realized that your college experience is very different from theirs. This post has been several months in the making, as I navigate limited internet, lots of exploring and lots of host family interaction. My experience abroad has been incredible so far, not just because of the experiences I have had in Brazil, South Africa and now Vietnam, but also because I have encountered a type of person and a way of learning different than I have encountered at MIT. Basically what I want to say is that every MIT student should study abroad because it is an enriching experience and exposes you to a wide range of types of people and cultures (and not just ones from other countries; brochure answer, I know). Lots of people at MIT say they don’t want to study abroad because they only have four years at MIT, but the experiences you can have abroad are also once-in-a-lifetime experiences. It will help put your five-year plan (which I am sure lots of you have) into perspective and help you define what you want to do in an ever increasing global context. The program I am currently abroad with is called International Honors Program: Cities in the 21st Century. It is a comparative urban studies program focused on experiential learning. It is by no means a traditional study abroad program, but the constant travel has helped fulfill my wanderlust. While it is great to do MISTI for a summer (they just added Chile!), but study abroad is its own unique experience. So go talk to the GECD. To try and entice you a different way, I will leave you with some pictures as a last thought… One of the few calm places in Hanoi The view from our classroom window in Hanoi Table Mountain juxtaposed with a street art project in Woodstock, Cape Town, South Africa Sao Paulo, Brazil The Heidelburg Project, Detroit

Masquerading as a Liberal Arts Student

Masquerading as a Liberal Arts Student Every time I check my email (incredibly, only once every few days) I am reminded that I am not at MIT. I am away from the buzz that defines the campus surrounding 77 Mass Ave, but instead immersed in the organized chaos that is Hanoi, Vietnam, the last stop on my semester long comparative urban studies study abroad program. When the semester began, I came to the realization that I had undertaken more than just an international study abroad program, but that I also dove head first into a liberal arts ‘immersion’ program. As someone used to equations, numbers and problem sets, a semester spent reflecting about how an experience made you feel, and debriefing and debating academic concepts is quite a change. My semester abroad has been more than an international experience but has also given me a glimpse into the life of a liberal arts student, a life very different from those we live at MIT. Without the constant stream of problem sets and equations, I sometimes forget that I am actually on an academic program. While I have been throwing numbers into my classes when I can (I counted traffic today!), for the most part our studies are focused on three main areas and the concepts that surround them: urban planning, political science and anthropology. I have learned new ways to look at the world and observe my surroundings, not just from the new cultures we have visited, but also from my fellow classmates, liberal arts students from around the country. Although I have taken and enjoyed many humanities classes at MIT, this semester has given me a much greater appreciation for what it means to study the humanities. I have often heard from classmates at MIT that they wish the HASS requirements would just disappear, but the lesson I have learned this semester is that they are vital to understanding how the world works. Nothing can be done without consideration for politics, for society, for the environment. Behind every robot is an underlying purpose and need. While the liberal arts environment on IHP involves some kitch, lots of skits and picture drawing for my taste, I have learned an incredible amount that never would have been possible in a traditional academic environment and it has been immensely beneficial for me to understand the ‘other side’ of academia. I am assured that not all Liberal Arts Colleges use quite the same number of skits, they do encompass many of the same concepts. I think we all know someone at an LAC and I am sure that at one point, you realized that your college experience is very different from theirs. This post has been several months in the making, as I navigate limited internet, lots of exploring and lots of host family interaction. My experience abroad has been incredible so far, not just because of the experiences I have had in Brazil, South Africa and now Vietnam, but also because I have encountered a type of person and a way of learning different than I have encountered at MIT. Basically what I want to say is that every MIT student should study abroad because it is an enriching experience and exposes you to a wide range of types of people and cultures (and not just ones from other countries; brochure answer, I know). Lots of people at MIT say they don’t want to study abroad because they only have four years at MIT, but the experiences you can have abroad are also once-in-a-lifetime experiences. It will help put your five-year plan (which I am sure lots of you have) into perspective and help you define what you want to do in an ever increasing global context. The program I am currently abroad with is called International Honors Program: Cities in the 21st Century. It is a comparative urban studies program focused on experiential learning. It is by no means a traditional study abroad program, but the constant travel has helped fulfill my wanderlust. While it is great to do MISTI for a summer (they just added Chile!), but study abroad is its own unique experience. So go talk to the GECD. To try and entice you a different way, I will leave you with some pictures as a last thought… One of the few calm places in Hanoi The view from our classroom window in Hanoi Table Mountain juxtaposed with a street art project in Woodstock, Cape Town, South Africa Sao Paulo, Brazil The Heidelburg Project, Detroit

Thomas Jefferson And Abraham Lincoln - 1323 Words

Self-respect is a difficult topic to define. It is often addressed and illustrated throughout fiction and history, yet the majority of people find it difficult to define in a way that isn’t shallow. Some might argue that self-respect is irrelevant and should not play a hand in the choices a person makes. Despite what others may say, it is an undeniable fact that individuals should always work to protect their personal pride. A person should always make decisions in an effort to maintain self-respect because it helps him to make good decisions in the future, preserve his own personal identity, and earn respect from those around him. History is flooded with important leaders and figures. Some of the best leader’s America has ever seen are Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. Jefferson played an incredibly important role in the foundation of America. In his two terms he managed to cut the national debt and military in half, and expand the country itself by more than half with the Louisiana purchase. Jefferson was able to do these things because he had such a strong head on his shoulders - he had firm beliefs and refused to back down from them. While it may be argued that Jefferson did go against his word most of the time, his pride allowed him to act against what he preached because he knew his actions would be successful. President Lincoln is best known for the addition of the 13th amendment to the constitution and the emancipation proclamation, ending all slavery inShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Thomas Jefferson And Abraham Lincoln759 Words   |  4 Pagesabout some of our forefathers. Included in those powerful people, are Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. Jefferson did his part and then some for creating a nation on the path to greatness. Obviously, one of the big ideas that he had, was the Bill of Rights. Jefferson made sure that the citizens of this soon to be wonderful nation would have the freedoms and abilities to express their ideas and identities. Not only did Jefferson create 10 rights that he would ensure that Americans would have, heRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, And Mother952 Words   |  4 Pagesdinner with any person, living or dead, who would it be and why?† This question is most commonly asked at an event filled with a large group of strangers, as an icebreaker. Many would typically answer, George Washington, Ben Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and maybe if someone wants variety they could say someone like Marie Curie. All of these answers are superficial and simply the first historical person that someone could think of. In fact, I know I would have answered with George WashingtonRead MoreVisionary Leader And Ethical Leader1559 Words   |  7 Pagescreated equal† (Lincoln 1863). Most Americans recognize the Gettysburg address and our minds recall Abraham Lincoln, a master of diction and a stellar leader. Who could have been such a visionary leader to inspire Lincoln to say those words? Why did Lincoln have to say those words while standing at a Pennsylvania battlefield cemetery during one of our nation’s bloodiest wars? In this paper I will answer both of those questions because I won’t be talking about Abraham Lincoln, I will be discussingRead MoreGettysburg Address Versus Declaration of Independence Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesDeclaration of Independence, the document of secession written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, called for the complete independence of the states from the British Empire. The Gettysburg Address was a document on the theory of union that stressed the need for one united country and expressed the importance of doing whatever necessary to complete the task of keeping the states united as one. It was written and delivered by Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania at a cemetery dedication for soldiersRead MoreThe War Between The North And The South993 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica or the (Rebels), led by President Jefferson Davis. The North was still referred to as the United States of America or the (Union), led by President Abraham Lincoln. Jefferson Davis was hero in the Mexican War, senator in Mississippi, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Jefferson Davis did not want the secession, when Mississippi separated Jefferson Davis resigned from the United States Senate. Then Jefferson Davis became the President in FebruaryRead MoreDeclaration Of Independence And The Gettysburg Address1089 Words   |  5 Pagesaffiliated with congress, congress is our national legislative body of our country which proves major credibility. For instance, the Declaration of independence was written by five individuals who was very important and knowledgeable. These names were Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. In the Declaration of independence it demonstrates fairness on many occasions. In the passage it states that â€Å"all men are created equal † (Capital BAC 186) which means thatRead MorePresident Lincoln As A Visionary Leader1197 Wo rds   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Imagine how the state of the world will be today without the leadership of the United States of America to police the world. Think about Iraq during Saddam Hussein’s regime, Libya during Arafat’s regime and the behaviors like Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Had it not been the vision of Abraham Lincoln to preserve the Union, there would not have been a strong unified United States today. President Abraham Lincoln was a visionary leader and an ethical leader when leadingRead MoreAbrahan Lincoln and the American Civil War782 Words   |  3 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln was known for leading the bloodiest conflict in United States history during the Civil War. Lincoln successfully protected the slaves and the South from seceding. Lincoln’s career included the following influential positions: lawyer, senator, and eventually the President of the United States of America. The experiences of his personal life, career as a political man, and his ultimate co ntributions to America make him an important man in American history. On February 12Read MoreBlack Men And The Civil War927 Words   |  4 Pagestime women were one of the most important roles in the white house. Abraham freed slaves also makes no sense during the civil war period he said that slaves under his control were freed but the north didn’t support slaves and the south didn’t see Abraham as a president so he freed no one. Jefferson did many things that make no sense but one of them was when he purchased Louisiana from France he bought it with no permission and Jefferson was the one who was all against breaking the rules. One of theRead MoreSeeking a Just Judiciary839 Words   |  4 Pagesin 1820, Thomas Jefferson became one of the first persons to mention the danger posed by judicial overreach. In a letter to William Jarvis, he said that â€Å"You seem†¦to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions; a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy. Our judges are as honest as other men, and not more so† (Jefferson). His sentiments were later echoed by another famous president, Abraham Lincoln. Under the

Samuel OReilly Invented the Tattoo Machine

More and more people are getting tattoos today, and they do not carry the same social stigma that they used to. But we didnt always use the tattoo machines that you see in your standard parlor. History and Patenting The electric tattooing machine was officially patented on Dec. 8th, 1891 by  a New York tattoo artist named Samuel OReilly. But even O’Reilly would be the first to admit that his invention was really an adaptation of a machine invented by Thomas Edison—the Autographic Printing Pen. O’Reilly witnessed a demonstration of the electric pen, a sort of writing drill that Edison had built to allow documents to be etched into stencils and then copied. The electric pen was a failure. The tattooing machine was an unqualified, worldwide smash. How it Works O’Reilly’s tattoo machine worked by using a hollow needle filled with permanent ink. An electric motor powered the needle in and out of the skin at a rate of up to 50 punctures per second. The tattoo needle inserted a small drop of ink below the surface of the skin each time. The original machine patent allowed for different sized needles deliver varying amounts of ink, a very design-focused consideration. Before O’Reilly’s innovation, tattoos—the word comes from the Tahitian word â€Å"tatu† which means to mark something—were much harder to make. Tattoo artists worked by hand, perforating the skin perhaps three times a second as they installed their designs. O’Reilly’s machine with its 50 perforations per second was an enormous improvement in efficiency. Further enhancements and refinements to the tattoo machine have been made and the modern tattooing device is now capable of delivering 3,000 punctures per minute.

The Ardhakathanaka ( Half A Life ) - 992 Words

In the 17th century, Jainism was among the few religions that existed in India. One of the few principles that Jains followed strictly is to be a non-violent human. Thus, their jobs also reflected this principle. Men whose occupations is a merchant, he was obligated to travel to many cities to sell his goods to support himself and his family. Merchants were often away from their family and thus the friends and acquaintances that they meet during their travels became prominent encounters. Some aspects of friendships that are often encountered include, brotherhood, companionship and selflessness. These three elements were all greatly exemplified throughout the autobiography The Ardhakathanaka (Half a Life). In the autobiography, Half a life, friendship is depicted as a very special and timid relationship that people encounter on a daily basis. The different levels of human kinship become very obvious as the Jains encounter friends and acquaintances during their travels because every in teraction that the people had are depicted very organically. The autobiography begins the story with the narrator (known as Banarasidas) introducing his family members who are part of the merchant and goods industry. Banarasidas first encounters positive friendship at a very young age when his father, Kharagsen, and the family needed to flee to a nearby city. Kharagsen and his family had no shelter after arriving at a new city and he was filled with despair. A man, by the name of Karamchand